. We now all serve as nodes in streams of data, carrying or wearing powerful computers, constantly online, constantly uploading personal data. Data and network sciences are almost as old, and their principles and practices inform Walmart as much as Weibo. Every major industry now harnesses data collection for algorithms when making decisions for consumers or themselves.
ExxonMobil used to be Standard Oil. It’s been around in some form since 1870, when John D. Rockefeller built his first refinery in Ohio and proceeded to corner the markets for oil drilling, refining, and distribution, thus establishing the paradigmatic vertically integrated monopoly capable of extorting favorable terms from every trading partner and setting prices at will.
From 1977 through 2014, scientists working for Exxon or ExxonMobil compiled a series of studies and memos warning of the pernicious effects of burning fossil fuels. Geoffrey Supran and Naomi Oreskes examined these documents andin 2017 finding that 80 percent of those internal documents supported the scientific consensus that climate change is real and caused by human activity—the very human activity that has made ExxonMobil so rich and powerful.
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