This allowed many companies to deploy what is called a loss-leader model, using this near-costless capital to build out a network, often called an “ecosystem,” by giving away a product or service at or below cost to rapidly grow and then layering in premium products or services to start making money.
Value gets a bit trickier, but simplistically as a noun, it is something of importance, while as a verb, it is the act of estimating the monetary value of something. Value-based companies have been around for a while, but are often unnoticed because of their lack of excitement. They include traditional bread-and-butter sectors such as banking, energy, utilities, and some industrials and consumer staples.