Second, while battery power suffices for light-duty vehicles and even short-haul commercial vehicles, the weight of current lithium-ion batteries severely compromises payload and refueling times. And with FCEV technology lagging, converting internal-combustion engines to H2 might be a convenient as an interim method to effectively produce zero-emissions vehicles.
That said, hydrogen-fueled ICEs are not completely emission-free. Yes, like a fuel cell, the main by-product of combustion is simply water, with virtually no greenhouse gas emissions.points out, ICE engines run in oil and will burn a tiny amount of lubricant, which will produce a small amount of NOx. Though the amount of nitrogen oxides produced are much lower than in gasoline- or diesel-fueled ICEs, the only true zero-emission vehicles powered by hydrogen are fuel-cell electric vehicles.
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